The Effect of Women's Economic Empowerment on Domestic Violence in Gulu City

Abstract

This study explored the impact of women’s economic empowerment on domestic violence in Gulu City, Northern Uganda, using a feminist ecological framework. It examined how participation in empowerment programmes influenced experiences of intimate partner violence (IPV), the psychological effects of such violence on women’s economic engagement, and the role of social support systems in mediating these dynamics. A transformative mixed-methods design was employed, integrating qualitative and quantitative approaches to highlight diverse perspectives—ranging from survivors and local leaders to NGO staff engaged in GBV prevention. Findings revealed that while economic empowerment improved women’s income, autonomy, and confidence, it had a paradoxical effect on domestic violence. In many cases, reduced financial dependency and increased assertiveness triggered backlash in patriarchal households, intensifying emotional, physical, or financial abuse. Women affected by IPV experienced trauma, social isolation, and business withdrawal. Nonetheless, some demonstrated resilience through participation in village savings groups, entrepreneurship, and peer or faith- based networks. However, limited institutional support—especially the lack of coordinated psychosocial services—continues to affect the long-term recovery of women who experience domestic violence. Many women in Gulu City still face barriers when trying to rebuild their economic lives. While some community members respect empowered women as examples of progress, others view them with suspicion, often labeling them as disobedient or disrespectful to traditional gender roles. In many households, men continue to control the finances, even when women participate in income-generating activities. A number of empowerment programmes have also been affected by issues such as poor coordination, limited follow-up, and a lack of practical skills training. One key finding of the study is that involving men in the empowerment process is essential. Activities such as couple-based trainings, community dialogues, and joint financial planning sessions helped reduce resistance and encouraged more cooperative relationships at home. The study recommends that any program promoting women’s economic empowerment should also address deeply held cultural beliefs about gender. This includes incorporating education about gender roles, offering emotional support for survivors of violence, and encouraging shared decision-making between partners. Government agencies and NGOs should also work to make their programmes more accessible, provide personalized guidance, and collaborate more closely with local groups such as religious institutions and community-based organizations. Policies should reflect the realities of life in Gulu City, including legal recognition of customary marriages, protection for survivors of violence, and public awareness campaigns. Empowerment on its own is not enough, unless women are also supported emotionally and socially, and unless community norms begin to shift, domestic violence will likely persist. True change will only happen when economic support is combined with efforts to heal trauma and promote equality in both public and private life, foster resilience, reduce violence, and create pathways for lasting gender equality in Gulu City.