Effects of rain-fed cropland on sorghum productivity among smallholder farmers

Abstract

Sorghum is a critical food security crop in sub-humid and semi-arid regions of Sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, and Latin America. In Uganda, it ranks second behind maize as a staple food, particularly in the north where it sustains the population. Sorghum cultivation covers roughly 491,911 hectares, yielding 268,493 metric tons. However, average yields are low (around 0.5 tons per hectare) due to dependence on rainfall patterns. Changing weather patterns and limited land availability further complicate these challenges. This study investigated the effects of rainfed cropland on sorghum productivity in Uganda's northern Oyam and Lira Districts. The researchers sought to characterize sorghum productivity in rain-fed cropland, determine production levels, and assess productive efficiency among smallholder farmers. The descriptive research employed both quantitative and qualitative data collection methods. Data analysis using SPSS software helped characterize sorghum production and productivity efficiency. Key findings reveal that several sorghum varieties are produced at various levels as rainfed crops on small plots averaging 1-3 acres. Common practices include crop rotation and double ploughing. However, a significant portion of farmers rely on unspecified sorghum varieties. Insufficient rainfall was the primary constraint, followed by pests and diseases. Production levels and costs fluctuated between seasons, with most farmers experiencing low rainfall, pests, and some hail damage. These findings suggest opportunities to improve yields through optimized land use, improved seeds, and crop protection strategies. Land area, fertilizer application, high-quality seeds, and pesticide use all had statistically significant positive impacts on sorghum yields.